Thunderbird 3

by Darren J Longhorn

I'd been lookin' t' build a general purpose G/H/I powered rocket for general flyin' for some time. Avast! After a long buildin' hiatus, arrr, me HPR fleet had decayed until I had nothin' in a flyable state! I wanted somethin' that would be suitable for general sport flying. Arrr! Arrr! I didn't want a rocket that would be goin' very high, or require extensive prepping. Begad! So anythin' requirin' CPR or electronics was out. Avast, me hearties, me proud beauty! It had t' be somethin' interesting, me hearties, nay just 3FNC, arrr, and it had t' make a dent in t' tube pile in t' corner o' t' room. Aye aye! Ahoy! So, the requirements were:

• Mid t' HPR
• Interestin' t' build
• Easy t' prep recover
• Eye catching

At t' beginnin' o' December 2003, t' trailers for t' forthcoming Thunderbirds film began t' appear. There was lots o' debate about how good it was goin' t' be on some o' t' news groups and mailin' lists t' which I subscribe. Well, blow me down! Blimey! T' new design Thunderbird 3 was appealing, but I would have a hard time producin' a workin' drawin' from t' short trailers. Ya scallywag! Blimey! It did, however, prompt me t' reread t' Thunderbirds section in me copy o' "Spaceship Handbook" by Jack Hagerty Jon C. Avast! Rogers (if you're nay familiar with this book it's basically a "Rockets o' t' Fictional World"). Begad! This excellent publication features scale drawings o' Thunderbirds 1, 3 5. Again, it was Thunderbird 3 which caught me eye, which was always me favourite Thunderbird when I watched t' Gerry Anderson series as a kid. Aye aye! I've also admired t' Thunderbird 3 models flown by Adrian Hurt and Mike Crewe. Avast, me proud beauty! Well, blow me down!

Design

Sources

As mentioned in t' intro, me bucko, me primary source for this project be t' scale drawin' o' TB3, me bucko, matey, by Jon C. Rogers. Ya scallywag! I also used t' model rocket plans by Tom Beach for inspiration. There are also many, arrr, shiver me timbers, me hearties, many images o' TB3 available on the web.

Scale

T' model makers workin' on Thunderbirds built several models, o' varying size, o' each vehicle, which were used for t' various scenes in which each vehicle appeared. Avast! Blimey! So one size for t' launch scenes, me hearties, another in flight, landing or dockin' and so on. Ya scallywag! Avast! That's fine, but unfortunately, these models were often used inconsistently, arrr, with t' regard t' t' relative scale o' their surroundings. This gives t' vehicle depicted t' appearance o' bein' larger, or smaller, dependin' upon t' scene. Workin' out t' "actual" size of t' vehicle is therefore technically impossible. Jon admits this in the Thunderbird 3 drawin' notes, me hearties, matey, which state: "This drawin' is a composite of several scenes and represents t' best data available". Begad! This composite drawin' then, which is as good as it gets, arrr, gives an overall length o' 4108 inches. Begad!

Incidentally, matey, arrr, if you think this problem with scale from scene t' scene was a bit amateurish o' Gerry Anderson's model makers, then look carefully at the dockin' scene t' next time you are watchin' 2001. T' Orion is much smaller, relative t' t' station, than it has any right t' be! Blimey!

So that's t' length o' t' prototype sorted. Well, blow me down! How did I decide what scale to build at? Well o' course I didn't. Arrr! When scratch building, you might expect to be able t' choose t' scale you build at. Aye aye! Arrr! But, me bucko, unless you are prepared to roll your own body tubes, arrr, t' scale is usually determined by t' diameter of the available body tubes, me bucko, and this project be no exception. So what scale is it? As I'll explain later, various compromises were made along t' way and some dimensions are either slightly over or under scale, shiver me timbers, but, ya bilge rat, everythin' is built around that main body tube, matey, me hearties, which is 80mm in diameter. T' drawin' gives this diameter as 345 inches, which gives us a scale of:

      scale = model diameter / prototype diameter
            =          3.15" / 245"
            =              1 / 109.54

Let's call that 1:110 scale. Well, blow me down! Begad! It be at this point that I realised just how big t' "real" Thunderbird 3 is meant t' be! Much bigger, I think, than is suggested by t' scene in which it flies through t' roundhouse on Tracy Island!

Selectin' Tubes

In t' corner o' me "office", me bucko, at home. Avast! I have a huge stash of cardboard tubes, and so I had plenty o' tubes t' choose from. Avast, me proud beauty! Ya scallywag! A quick look at the drawings shows that Thunderbird 3 has three main body diameters: the forward section, ya bilge rat, t' aft section, shiver me timbers, and t' central "radiator" section.

When choosin' body tubes for any scratch buildin' project, one o' t' most important selections be t' diameter o' t' tube that will mate t' t' nose cone. Arrr! Blimey! Without t' right equipment, ya bilge rat, scratch buildin' nose cones is either time consuming, shiver me timbers, or expensive. Ya scallywag! Blimey! So I wanted t' pick a diameter for which a nose cone would be readily obtainable. Begad! I initially considered a forward body diameter of about 2.6 inches. I had a tube for that, ya bilge rat, me hearties, but when I worked out what that would require for t' aft and centre sections, arrr, I was out o' luck. Begad! So I went up a size to approximately 3", or 80mm. Avast! This worked out quite well. Ahoy! Blimey! I had a suitable tube, me bucko, me bucko, and t' required diameter o' t' centre section worked out t' be 107mm, with t' aft section 151mm. Avast, me proud beauty! Blimey! 107mm is approximately 4" and I had a selection o' tubes near that size. Well, ya bilge rat, blow me down! Blimey! T' aft section was more problematic, and I didn't have a near match. Ahoy! Avast, ya bilge rat, me proud beauty! Blimey! I did have a larger diameter, shiver me timbers, approximately 210mm in diameter, shiver me timbers, which, I thought, could be cut down t' t' right size. Ahoy! Blimey! I've attempt ed this technique before, ya bilge rat, me hearties, with various degrees o' success. Ahoy! But, t' larger the diameter, t' better t' results, and I decided it be worth a gamble.

I decided that I would make t' dockin' collar from t' same diameter tube as t' centre section, t' avoid havin' t' make a custom size. Aye aye! Blimey! Blimey! Blimey! It's actually meant t' be a bit bigger diameter, but I don't think it's noticeable enough to worry about. Avast! Blimey! Avast, me proud beauty! Blimey! Blimey! Blimey!

Pods

T' rocket pods on Thunderbird 3 have a curved profile. Begad! I considered modelin' this, me hearties, but realised it would be difficult. Well, blow me down! Avast, me proud beauty! I could think o' two main ways t' construct them, arrr, either turned from balsa, or hot-wired from expanded polystyrene. Ya scallywag! Aye aye! Since I don't have a lathe, shiver me timbers, I would have t' buy turned balsa, which I knew from experience can be quite costly. Aye aye! I do have every intention of buildin' a hot-wire "lathe", shiver me timbers, but it's one o' those jobs that I never quite get around t' completing. Begad! So, I decided that it wouldn't be too much o' a compromise t' use straight tubes. Arrr! Begad!

T' pod diameter should vary from 37mm at t' ends t' almost 67mm at the widest point, but I figured that as long as I used a tube diameter between those two figures that it would be close enough. Ya scallywag!

Nose Cone

I figured t' required nose cone be a 3:1 ogive. Begad! Arrr! These aren't as common as you might think. Ya scallywag! PML and LOC plastic cones are both longer than 3:1. Aye aye! In t' end I found 3:1 ratio balsa cones from US Rockets. Begad! Despite what readin' r.m.r might lead you t' believe, I found Jerry Irvine t' be very easy t' deal with, matey, and the quality o' t' cones is very good. Avast! Aye aye! We did have a few problems with international loot transfer, but nothin' that we couldn't sort out. Ya scallywag! But, arrr, in the interim, I got a LOC cone from NSRG colleague Brian Best, me hearties, which is what I used. Arrr! This means me Thunderbird 3 is longer than it should be, me bucko, but when I get the chance I'll replace it with t' USR cone. Begad!

Transitions

T' biggest worry I had were t' transitions. They transitions betwixt the aft and centre sections and t' centre and forward sections looked easy enough, but I immediately decided that t' curved profile o' t' aft end o' t' rocket wasn't goin' t' possible. Aye aye! That bein' t' case, I decided t' make that as a simple truncated cone too. Ya scallywag! T' easiest way I could think t' make them was from cardboard, strengthened with fibreglass. Aye aye! That was what worried me! My fibre glassin' experience is very black and white. Begad! Begad! It either goes very well, ya bilge rat, shiver me timbers, or ends in disaster. In this case I was t' be pleasantly surprised. Avast! Avast, me hearties, me proud beauty!

Structure

Once I had t' size figured out, I had t' decide how it was all goin' t' go together. For simplicity, I decided that t' forward body section would be extended t' run t' full length o' t' rocket, shiver me timbers, becomin' t' "main" body tube. Begad! This meant that everythin' else could hang off this, via centring rings. Avast! Arrr!

Two large centrin' rings are used t' attach t' aft body tube. Aye aye! Blimey! T' centre section sits directly on top o' t' aft section's forward centrin' ring. Ya scallywag! As the centre section's forward centrin' rin' is o' larger diameter than t' centre section itself, this means t' centre section isn't really centred by the rings, matey, and had t' be manually located. Begad! Blimey! T' centre section's forward centring rin' be also bevelled t' allow for easy positionin' o' t' forward/centre transition. Begad! Centrin' rings internal t' t' main tube are used t' centre the motor mount. Blimey! A small centrin' rin' forms t' forward end o' t' dockin' collar.

I decided that I would use wooden dowels for t' pillars, me hearties, centred in the pods with more centrin' rings. Avast, me proud beauty! Ya scallywag! T' buttresses would be cut from t' same plywood as t' centrin' rings

Stability

RockSim is a great program, but you have t' wonder how accurately it can predict CP for a shape as complex as this. Avast, me proud beauty! I did have a sanity check available to me though. Arrr! Ahoy! Spaceship Handbook has a set o' plans for a smaller version of Thunderbird 3, designed by Tom Beach. These plans clearly show t' desired location o' t' CG. Begad! Ya scallywag! Now, matey, ya bilge rat, as any rocketeer worth his salt will undoubtedly know, CP does nay change with scale, arrr, only with outline. Ya scallywag! Blimey! so if I placed me CG in the same scale position as shown in Tom's plans, matey, me CG would be in t' same position relative t' CP as Tom's. Ahoy! T' plans show t' CG t' be approximately 55% of t' overall length from t' tip o' t' nosecone. Begad! This puts t' CG at t' top of t' centre section "radiator" fins.

As it turned out, me bucko, shiver me timbers, it was good t' have this calibration check, because RockSim put t' CP in roughly t' same location as Tom located t' CG! I don't know how Tom worked out where t' put it. Arrr! Probably by 'eye' or trial and error. Anyway, regardless o' what RockSim was tellin' me, it seemed that t' real CP out t' be further back than that, it's a pretty draggy shape, after all. Ahoy! What had become overwhelmingly obvious be that I was goin' t' have t' add quite a lot o' nose weight! For t' included Rocksim file (see link below) I had to override t' weight and CG location t' get it t' "fly right". Arrr! Blimey! So if you take a look at t' file, matey, ignore t' location o' t' CG CP!

Motor Mount

At t' design stage, arrr, ya bilge rat, I wasn't sure o' what t' impulse requirement might be, but I be hopin' t' be able t' fly on G, H I engines. Begad! Given t' current motor availability situation in t' UK, matey, which is pretty much limited to Cesaroni, meant that Pro38 would be t' most likely motor type, and so I chose a 38mm motor mount. T' way things worked out weight-wise, a G impulse motor isn't really powerful enough, me hearties, leavin' H I engines as t' most likely choice, though low J is a possibility. Begad!

In t' "real" TB3 t' engines are in t' pods. Well, blow me down! Blimey! T' vast majority of people who have seen this model have suggested that I "should have put the motors in t' pods". Replicatin' this feature o' t' prototype would obviously have been very cool, but I don't have much experience o' clustering AP, and I wanted somethin' simple. Blimey! Avast, me proud beauty! Blimey! Also, t' wide separation o' t' three motors would mean that failure o' any motor t' ignite would lead t' an unsafe flight. Avast! Begad! Blimey! I just didn't want t' risk it and went instead, matey, for a single motor positioned, me bucko, ya bilge rat, unprototypically, in t' centre. Begad! Blimey!

Recovery

Again, because I wanted somethin' that was easy t' prep and fly, I didn't really want t' be bothered with any kind o' electronics. Well, blow me down! Begad! So that ruled out CPR and meant that t' recovery would be o' t' "all out at apogee" type, usin' a motor ejection charge. Avast, matey, me proud beauty! I had hoped that I would be able t' use a 34" PML chute, ya bilge rat, ya bilge rat, o' which I have several. Well, me bucko, blow me down! I did use one o' these on the first flight, matey, me bucko, but t' descent rate was just too great. For t' subsequent flights, I borrowed a large RocketMan chute from Brian Best, me hearties, ya bilge rat, which worked very well. Aye aye!

Fabrication

Body Tubes

Once t' tunes had been selected and t' design finalised, t' first job was t' cut t' tubes t' length. Begad! Begad! This list o' tubes t' cut was main body, ya bilge rat, centre section, me bucko, aft section, dockin' collar, shiver me timbers, shiver me timbers, and t' three pods. Ya scallywag! T' mark t' cut, arrr, ya bilge rat, I wrapped paper around t' tube, then used t' edge as a guide for t' pencil line. Begad! For body tubes o' this size, I use a junior hacksaw t' make t' cut, me bucko, and this was no exception. I went around t' whole diameter first, me bucko, makin' a shallow cut. Well, blow me down! I find this helps guide t' blade when makin' t' final cut. Begad!

T' create t' aft body section I cut out a section o' a larger diameter tube. This is quite easy t' do, me hearties, mainly due t' t' large diameter. Arrr! Smaller diameter tunes are much trickier and tend nay t' be circular. Arrr! First I drew a vertical line along t' length o' t' large tube. Avast! Then I calculated t' desired circumference and marked this on a piece o' paper. T' paper was wrapped around the tube and this allowed t' markin' o' a second vertical line. Avast, matey, me proud beauty! T' are contained within these two lines be then removed.

T' next stage be t' trickiest. Well, blow me down! T' curvature must be increased until the ends butt together. Avast, me proud beauty! Blimey! T' induce this curvature, me bucko, t' cut tube be rolled progressively tighter and held in position. By rollin' t' tube tighter than is required, shiver me timbers, matey, t' tube was "trained" into t' new curvature helpin' to hold t' desired diameter when released. Begad! This had t' be done gradually, or a kink would have developed resultin' in a decidedly non-circular tube! Once the increased curvature began t' hold, t' removed section was glued onto the inside o' t' new tube, shiver me timbers, and clamped in place. Begad! Avast! This acts as a strengthener. Begad! Aye aye!

Many people see tube slottin' as a chore, and even though I quite enjoy it, it was a bit labourious here! There are three slots where t' fins join t' aft section, one on each o' t' pods, ya bilge rat, three on t' forward section, me hearties, and no less than 16 on t' centre section. Blimey! It was this centre section which was by far the most labourious. Ya scallywag! All t' slots were cut usin' a cut-off disc in me Dremel. Ahoy! This is reasonably easy t' accomplish, shiver me timbers, shiver me timbers, if you have a steady hand. Begad! You need t' keep the disc parallel and a moderate feed rate, arrr, otherwise t' disk will shatter. Arrr! I got through quite a lot o' disks!

Centrin' Rings

I have a bit o' a bee in me bonnet about centrin' rings. Well, blow me down! Ahoy! Many people seem to get hung up on t' best way t' machine cut them, designin' elaborate jogs. It just seems too complicated t' me. Arrr! I use a pair o' compasses t' draw the circle, matey, me hearties, and then cut them out free hand usin' a copin' saw. Aye aye! It gives me a feelin' o' great satisfaction. Ya scallywag!

Usin' t' above "technique", I cut out two rings for t' aft section, me bucko, t' mid-section ring, t' dockin' collar, two for t' motor mount and six for t' pods. Begad! Arrr! All o' t' centrin' rings were cut from 9mm plywood, me bucko, shiver me timbers, which was perhaps a little on t' thick side, arrr, but it be what I had. Begad!

Transitions

I used VCP t' print out templates for t' transitions. Well, blow me down! Begad! VCP is a great program that has been overshadowed by RockSim in recent years, and I find that many newcomers t' t' hobby have never heard o' it. Avast, me proud beauty! Well, blow me down! Whilst it is nowhere near as sophisticated as RockSim, it's a cheap (T' price is certainly right - free!) tool for predictin' CP, me bucko, and it produces really great transition templates, somethin' that RockSim has only been able t' do since t' release for version 7.04. Ahoy! Even then, VCP's templates are nicer, as they have tabs and slots t' help alignment o' t' ends. Well, blow me down! Well, ya bilge rat, blow me down! T' beginner can get a long way usin' just VCP for stability prediction, arrr, and wRasp, me hearties, shiver me timbers, ya bilge rat, for altitude prediction, arrr, me hearties, before lying down t' cash for RockSim.

I printed t' templates out on paper, matey, cut them out and then transferred them onto card. Begad! Blimey! T' card was cut out and used as a template t' mark the fibreglass, matey, cuttin' an extra bit at t' tab end t' ensure a small amount of overlap. Well, blow me down! Blimey! Next, ya bilge rat, with t' template layed flat, me hearties, I painted on t' epoxy resin, arrr, and laid t' fibreglass on top, workin' t' epoxy into t' weave with a brush. Before t' layup cures, ya bilge rat, shiver me timbers, t' transition was formed, me hearties, t' cardboard tab being glued with CA t' help hold t' shape. Avast, me proud beauty! Blimey! Then a little more epoxy is brushed onto the fibreglass overlap. Blimey! Blimey! This overlap helps strengthen t' transition at the joint. Ya scallywag! Blimey! Once dry t' ridge created by t' overlap was sanded out. Begad! Blimey!

Fins Things

T' main fins were cut from t' same 9mm plywood as t' centrin' rings. Avast, me proud beauty! Begad! I roughly rounded t' edges with t' Dremel's sandin' drum attachment, shiver me timbers, and then smoothed them off by hand. Begad! I had initially meant for t' fins t' have full length tabs, but I inexplicably cut them short, matey, which led t' problems later. Avast! Well, shiver me timbers, blow me down!

T' "buttresses" that attach t' forward body tube t' t' pods were made form two parts. Avast! T' forward parts were cut from t' same 9mm plywood. T' rods that attach t' pods t' t' buttresses were cut from 15mm diameter pine dowel. Begad! I deliberately cut them over length at this stage, me hearties, t' allow for adjustment t' compensate for any cumulative inaccuracies in measurement. Begad! Aye aye!

T' fins on t' centre section were cut from much thinner 3mm plywood. I usually don't mind cuttin' things out by hand, but sixteen o' anythin' is a real chore - it felt like me arm be made o' lead when I'd done. Ahoy! Arrr! These fins sit on a backin' rectangle that be t' same colour as t' fins, me hearties, rather than the rest o' t' body. Avast! I realised that this would be almost impossible t' mask, ya bilge rat, so decided t' add a physical backin' t' each fin. Arrr! Avast, shiver me timbers, me proud beauty! This assembly could then be prepainted. Aye aye! Begad! These backin' rectangles were cut from card and then stiffened with CA. Begad! This worked reasonably well, me bucko, but if I were doin' it again I would cut them from styrene sheet. Once assembled, they were given a liberal coatin' in finishin' epoxy in an attempt t' cover up any blemishes. Ya scallywag! Avast, me proud beauty!

T' tiny braces that sit under t' dockin' collar were cut from 2mm thick plywood, and again were prepainted, matey, t' avoid a tricky maskin' problem later. Begad!

Assembly

Main Assembly

Once all t' parts were complete, me bucko, arrr, me bucko, I did several dry fits, ya bilge rat, shiver me timbers, t' work out the assembly order. Ahoy! Blimey! Begad! Blimey! First I attached t' fins t' t' aft body section, ya bilge rat, then attached t' pods. I used wood glue throughout. Begad! Blimey! More dry fittin' was done at this point and I realised that thar had been a measurin' mistake, shiver me timbers, matey, somewhere along t' line. Avast, me proud beauty! Blimey! T' pine dowels were dry fitted into t' centrin' rings o' the attached pods, as was t' main body tube into t' aft section centrin' rings. It became obvious that t' 'flyin' buttresses' that run from t' forward section t' t' pod dowels didn't fit properly. Well, arrr, blow me down! Blimey! T' dowels were too long and the span o' t' buttresses too wide. Avast, ya bilge rat, me proud beauty! Blimey! It was easy enough t' modify t' existing parts, me hearties, rather than havin' t' make new though. Begad! Blimey! At this point I sorted out the joint betwixt t' dowels and buttresses. I did this by puttin' notches in the top o' t' dowels, t' width o' t' buttresses. Avast! Blimey! Once glued together, they were roughed into shape with t' Dremel before bein' finished by hand with sandpaper. Ya scallywag! Blimey! Avast! Blimey!

It was at about this stage that I wondered about a launch lug or rail buttons. For me that's not bad. Arrr! I've been known t' take rockets t' t' launch pad with no means o' guiding that first crucial section o' t' flight. Despite bein' recently attracted to rail buttons, ya bilge rat, I decided that they weren't really practical for this rocket. They would have t' be on T' aft body section, arrr, ya bilge rat, which isn't very long relative to t' overall length. Begad! For t' same reason, it wasn't an ideal location for a launch lug, arrr, either. Avast! I decided that t' only real option be a semi internal lug that would run from t' base o' t' aft section, shiver me timbers, out t' top, betwixt two centre section fins, ya bilge rat, me bucko, finishin' at t' centre section forward transition. Ya scallywag! I used some nice aluminium tube that is just over 3/8" internal diameter. Arrr! Ya scallywag! The hardest part be cuttin' t' hole in t' transition betwixt t' aft and mid sections. Begad! Avast, me hearties, me proud beauty!

Next, ya bilge rat, t' aft section forward centrin' ring, with freshly drilled holes for t' launch lug, was installed, me hearties, arrr, as were t' forward centrin' rings in t' pods. T' dowel/buttress combinations were now glued into t' pods, usin' dry fitted aft pod centring rings and main body tube t' get t' angular positionin' correct. Aye aye! Ya scallywag! T' centre body section be glued into position on t' aft section centrin' ring. Aye aye! The nylon shock cord was now glued t' t' motor mount, shiver me timbers, and then t' centrin' rings were added. Begad! Aye aye! T' forward centrin' rin' bein' notched t' fit over t' shock cord. T' motor mount assemble was then glued into t' main body tube. Aye aye! Arrr!

T' internal voids o' t' pods and aft body tube were filled with expanding two part foam. Ahoy! Once this had dried, any surplus was removed and t' rear centrin' rings fitted. Arrr! This helped secure t' short fin tabs and t' launch lug. T' void under t' aft transition was also filled with foam t' add strength, ya bilge rat, as t' fibreglass be still fairly flexible.. Ahoy! Blimey!

Next it was time t' fit the transitions. T' main body tube was removed, me bucko, and t' two card/fibreglass transitions, plus t' forward transition were threaded on before t' main body tube was returned t' it's final position, usin' T' launch lug t' get everythin' in T' correct alignment. Ya scallywag! I realise that I had nearly made a huge mistake at this point, as I had paid no attention t' alignment when locating the centre section. Ahoy! I almost had t' launch lug runnin' through a fin! Glue was now applied t' all o' t' parts and allowed t' dry. Ya scallywag! Begad!

Final Assembly

Once t' final layer o' paint was on, t' centre section fin assemblies and the dockin' rin' support brackets were glued into position. I used CA for the supports and Elmers PVA for t' fins. Aye aye! Blimey! I also tackled t' black discs on the front o' t' pods. Ahoy! Blimey! These were made from drawin' pins, painted black, inserted into pilot holes and secured with CA.

Addin' Strength

After t' flights at EARS (see flight log below), shiver me timbers, I realised that me design construction just wasn't strong enough t' survive t' landings. Well, blow me down! Well, blow me down! So I removed the fins, pods and buttresses and thought about how I could add reinforcement. It was crazy nay t' have done full through t' wall t' t' motor mount fins in the first place, me bucko, but I hadn't, matey, and needed a substitute. T' technique I settled upon was t' "extend" t' fin tabs usin' carbon fibre rod. Blimey! I drilled holes into t' ends o' t' tabs on t' fins, and into both t' aft body and the pods. Avast! Begad! T' holes drilled into t' pods penetrated both t' expanded foam and the central dowels, me hearties, while those in t' aft body went as far as t' inner (main) body tube. Well, blow me down! I used west systems fibre glassin' epoxy t' attach t' carbon fibre rods, me bucko, mainly because t' thin consistency meant it be easy t' get into the drilled holes. Well, blow me down! Aye aye! As an additional strengthenin' measure I added fibreglass "fillets" t' all t' fin roots, followed by traditional epoxy fillets. Aye aye!

Finishing

One o' t' drawbacks o' scratch buildin' with cheap tubes, saved from the dustbin, is that finishin' requires more work for t' same result. Avast! T' surface of these tubes tends t' be very unstable, with a very prominent spiral. Well, blow me down! The first thin' I did was t' paint all o' t' tubes with finishin' epoxy. Well, arrr, blow me down! I've had good result usin' this method in t' past, me bucko, ya bilge rat, but nay this time. Arrr! Blimey! I think t' epoxy may have been a bit old, shiver me timbers, as it went on very lumpily. Begad! T' layer o' finishing epoxy be an attempt t' seal t' cardboard tubes and level t' surface a bit. It was only a partial success. Avast! It was nice and sandable, but didn't really smooth out t' surface much, even when I had removed T' lumpy bits! Any attempt at serious sandin' soon went through t' t' cardboard. Ya scallywag! However, with a couple o' coats o' high-build primer, me bucko, t' odd spot o' filler, arrr, me hearties, and the attentions o' an orbital sander, me hearties, it looked reasonable presentable. Begad!

I actually "finished" t' rocket four times. T' first flight had the rocket in naked finishin' epoxy, shiver me timbers, t' second and third flights were in high build primer, and t' fourth flight in red oxide primer. Begad! There's a lot of primer in there! I tend t' use Halfords rattle cans. Avast! They're nay t' cheapest, nor t' best, ya bilge rat, but it is convenient, and their high build primer hides a multitude o' sins! One problem be determinin' t' colour. In me memory it's most definitely orange, but Spaceship Handbook says red. Aye aye! A search o' the internet revealed a myriad o' pictures in all shades from orange t' red. Ya scallywag! I could see that whatever colour I painted it, thar would be people that say it's wrong, so I went with what I preferred, arrr, orange. T' actual colour is Rover Blaze. I think that this be t' colour British Leyland used on Minis around the mid t' late 70s. Begad! It's a bit redder than t' Volkswagen Brilliant Orange that I normally use. T' other colours are Vauxhall China Blue for t' centre section fins and forward and aft transitions, me bucko, and Rover White Diamond for t' docking rin' and pod trim ,all Halfords rattle cans.

T' decals are vinyl. Avast, me proud beauty! Begad! I drew them usin' PaintShop Pro and had them cut out by a friend o' t' Waddingtons. Aye aye! Aye aye! Nay bilge-suckin' for t' cost o' a Marks Spencer gift voucher. Well, blow me down! Ahoy! I got enough o' t' markings for t' nose, so that I can do two nose cones, t' plastic LOC one and t' balsa USR one, if I ever get around t' using that. Avast! Ya scallywag! For t' black strips, rather than another mammoth maskin' session I turned t' Halfords self-adhesive automotive "go faster stripes". Avast! The stripes on t' pods are 12mm and t' stripe on t' nose 3mm. Begad! Blimey!

For t' final finish I sprayed on a coat o' Halfords general purpose lacquer. Blimey! Once that was dry a coat o' polish be added. Ya scallywag! I used Johnson Klear for this, me hearties, which, me hearties, shiver me timbers, for those o' you across t' pond be t' same as Future. Avast, me proud beauty! Well, blow me down! I sponged this on, takin' care t' remove any bubbles before it dried. Ahoy! Ahoy! This added a really nice shine that can be seen in some o' t' photos. Begad! Arrr! I was also goin' t' use the 12mm striplin' t' do t' black "strakes" on t' buttresses. Ahoy! I tested this out, me bucko, and it looked ok from t' front, shiver me timbers, matey, but somehow unconvincin' edge-on, so I omitted them. Aye aye! Blimey! However, as I wrote this article, a kind poster from the starship modeler web forum pointed me t' some excellent pictures o' one o' the original models, which appears t' use a very similar technique. Well, ya bilge rat, blow me down!

Conclusions

This was an interestin' project t' both design and build. Begad! I met all o' my initial criteria, arrr, apart from t' ability t' be flown on a G class motor. Well, blow me down! It has been a real head turner at launches, and flies great on Pro38 H and I class motors. Avast! Anyone fancy buildin' a Thunderbird 1 t' drag race against?

I've enjoyed puttin' this together, that I'm, me hearties, almost tempted t' build another, arrr, matey, shiver me timbers, includin' t' details I omitted from this one, such as curved pods, thrusters on t' forward transition, me bucko, ribs on t' dockin' ring. Blimey! If I were to have another attempt, I would certainly make provision for some sort o' effects devices in t' pods. I envisage that good results would be achieved usin' a short duration, high thrust motor located in t' main body for lift off, together with long duration, arrr, smoky motors in t' pods. Aye aye! Ya scallywag!

Another interestin' point t' note be t' similarity in size o' t' main tube diameters, me bucko, t' readily available commercial tube sizes. Blimey! Usin' 3" for the main body, shiver me timbers, 4" for t' centre section, me bucko, 6" for t' aft section and 2.1" for t' pods, arrr, me hearties, plus associated centrin' rings, me bucko, a very good facsimile could be built from PML parts. Avast! Avast! T' transitions, matey, however, matey, would still have t' be custom made.

Flight Log

Launch: Copper Knobs
Motor: H153

This be t' big test. Begad! I had tried t' develop a good model in RockSim, matey, me bucko, but with a rocket this untypical, matey, you can never tell how accurate it will be until you actually fly. Begad! Arrr! There be a fair bit o' finishin' off t' do. Begad! Arrr! T' recovery harness needed puttin' together. Begad! Ahoy! weight addin' t' t' nose, me bucko, and also attaching the nose. Aye aye! I hadn't really thought through t' consequences o' addin' so much nose weight, ya bilge rat, 600g in all. Begad! Arrr! This made t' normal nose cone attachment point very unsuitable. Ya scallywag! So I tied t' strap t' a piece o' threaded rod, me hearties, pushed it through the small hole I made t' pour in t' rocket caviar, added a pour o' epoxy and pulled it tight. Ya scallywag! Blimey!

T' flight went well, quite straight even in t' reasonably stiff breeze, the ejection be just a little after apogee. Well, blow me down! Descent be too fast though, and the combination o' t' descent rate and lateral speed caused two o' t' fins to pop off. Ahoy! Everythin' came apart where it be joined though, so it went back together easily enough. Aye aye!

Launch: EARS
Motor: H143

Once back together, I wanted t' try flyin' with a bigger parachute. Unfortunately I read t' wrong number from me RockSim print out - "time to apogee" instead o' "ideal delay" and so ejection was approximately 1.8 seconds after apogee. Ahoy! TB3 had arced over and was pointing straight down by then, ya bilge rat, though t' parachute deployed OK, me bucko, and landin' be much softer than t' first flight.

Launch: EARS
Motor: I212

It was a long drive t' Cambridgeshire t' fly just once. So I flew it again. This time on t' I212. Well, blow me down! Well, arrr, blow me down! This be t' best flight yet. Avast, me proud beauty! A very straight boost, tons o' smoke and ejection precisely at apogee. Avast! Unfortunately, me hearties, thar was a little damage on landing. Ya scallywag! One o' t' "flyin' buttresses" came detached. Avast, me proud beauty! It would have been easy t' fix, ya bilge rat, me hearties, but I noticed that some o' t' other fin attachments were a bit wobbly, which was when I decided that a rethink was necessary. Arrr!

Launch: WRS
Motor: H143

Another flight on an H143. Ya scallywag! Arrr! This flight was after t' rebuild. Very nice flight, shiver me timbers, from me viewin' point on t' ground, t' silhouette from below clearly showed all three fin pods. Begad! Unfortunately someone else was drivin' me camera. I'm now startin' t' wish I had made provision for effects motors in t' pods. Anyway, t' strengthenin' exercise be a success, as thar was no damage whatsoever after this flight. Aye aye!

Launch: BigEARS
Motor: I205

Nay very nice weather at this launch. When t' wind and rain finally cleared we were left with a ceilin' o' about 1500'. Begad! Just enough for a flight on an I205. Avast! There was a lot o' interest in t' flight, nay only were people interested in TB3, me bucko, but it be also one o' very few HPR flights made that day. Well, blow me down! I don't know who's idea it be t' play t' Thunderbird's theme over t' PA, but many thanks t' Mike Roberts for comin' out with a PRM. I couldn't actually hear it until then! I've nay yet seen a video o' me "supermarionation walk", but it appeared t' amuse t' spectators. Avast, me proud beauty!

T' launch and boost were very good, shiver me timbers, though perhaps nay as straight as previous flights. Begad! T' delay was a little long, me bucko, perhaps due t' additional weight of paint, and it arced over before appearin' t' deploy. Ahoy! Partially deploy, anyway. Aye aye! T' chute stayed in t' end o' t' body tube and refused t' come out. T' problem was later diagnosed t' be t' length o' t' chute shroud lines compared t' t' length o' t' shock cord. Well, matey, blow me down! Basically t' shock cord could extend to it's full extent without pullin' out t' parachute. Ya scallywag! A very obvious error in retrospect. I must have just been lucky, matey, on t' previous flights, shiver me timbers, that the parachute be completely pushed out. Begad!

Considerin' it fell from 1500', thar be surprisingly little damage. The damage is mainly restricted t' t' fin roots buttresses. Avast, me proud beauty! One o' t' buttresses has detached from t' correspondin' pillar, me hearties, but will be easy t' fix. Ya scallywag! The forward section appears t' have had a bit o' a crimp, but it doesn't look deformed, ya bilge rat, which is a bit odd. Arrr! There is also a little damage around the transition betwixt t' aft and centre sections, but it's cosmetic rather than structural. Begad! One o' t' main fin roots has been partially pulled out, and will need t' be reseated and re filleted. Blimey! So, arrr, in summary, lots o' little things to fix, all o' which will be tricky without completely ruinin' t' paint job. Ya scallywag!

Picture Video Credits

Many thanks for all those who allowed their pictures and videos t' be used in this article. Aye aye! If this comes as a surprise t' any o' you, I'll apologise now! I did try t' contact you with t' most recent email address I had, but received no reply. Arrr! Ahoy! If you do nay wish your pictures and/or video t' be used, let me know and I'll remove them as soon as possible.

All pictures are copyright t' photographer. Arrr! Thank you to: Chris P. Aye aye! Begad! Brown, Damian Burrin, ya bilge rat, Mike Crewe, Ben Jarvis, Paul Lavin, arrr, Niall Oswald, Colin Rowe, Paul Shackleton Pete Waddington. Ya scallywag! For individual attribution, see t' filename. Unattributed files are copyright t' author. Ya scallywag!